For God and Country (Historical Marker)

Here follows the inscription written on this roadside historical marker:

"For God and Country"
In Loving Memory of Kate Waller Barrett, 1859-1925 First President American Legion Auxiliary Department of Virginia 1922 National President American Legion Auxiliary 1923
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This Tablet affectionately place on the old Barrett home by her comrades of the American Legion Department of Virginia 1926

Erected 1926 by The American Legion, Department of Virginia.


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Here is some additional information from the Historical Marker Database website:

408 Duke Street is called the Kate Waller Barrett House or also known as the Dick Janney House.
Perry's Battle Flag "Don't Give Up the Ship" flies at 408 Duke Street.

Kate Barrett was known more for her efforts to help un-wed mothers than for presiding over the Women's Auxiliary of the American Legion. She was a physician, humanitarian, philanthropist, sociologist, suffragist, Daughter of the American Revolution and Democrat. The Kate Waller Barrett Branch of the Alexandria Public Library is named for her.

“Dr. Kate Waller Barrett of Virginia was elected president of the woman's auxiliary of the American Legion at the convention at New Orleans.” — Albuquerque Morning Journal; Nov. 1, 1922.

Doctor Elisha Cullen Dick:
Dr. Dick owned this house and lived here between 1791 and 1798. Dick commanded a cavalry company during the Whiskey Rebellion. He was one of the physicians present at George Washington's deathbed and served as mayor of Alexandria, District of Columbia. (Alexandria was part of D.C. until 1848 when it reverted back to Virginia.)


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Here follows a biography from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:

Kate Waller Barrett (January 24, 1857 – February 23, 1925), née Katherine Harwood Waller, was a prominent Virginia physician, humanitarian, philanthropist, sociologist and social reformer, best known for her leadership of the National Florence Crittenton Mission, which she founded in 1895 with Charles Nelson Crittenton. Her causes included helping the "outcast woman, the mistreated prisoner, those lacking in educational and social opportunity, the voteless woman, and the disabled war veteran."[1] Although comparatively little known today, she was "[o]ne of the most prominent women of her time".[2]

Biography
Barrett was born Katherine Harwood Waller at her family's historic estate, Clifton, in Widewater, Virginia, to Ann Eliza Stribbling Waller and Withers Waller on January 24, 1857. Her family owned slaves on several large plantations, and Barrett's two young black playmates named Jane and Lucy were "given" to young Kate as a birthday gift on her sixth birthday by her grandmother. Later regretting these circumstances, Barrett stated "I looked upon them as mine by 'divine right' and many were the lessons of cruelty and lack of appreciation of the rights of others cultivated in me."[3][4][5]

Katherine Waller attended Arlington Institute for Girls in Alexandria, Virginia, after the Civil War. On July 19, 1876, she married Robert South Barrett (1851–1896), a young Episcopal minister fresh out of seminary, who had been recently assigned to the nearby Aquia Church.[6][7] It was while traveling with and assisting her husband with his work in Virginia, Kentucky and Georgia, that she first witnessed the social problems which would form the impetus for her life's work.[1]

In particular, soon after Robert South Barrett, Jr., the first of their six children, was born in Richmond, Virginia, a young unmarried woman with her own child begged for help at their door. The Barretts provided the young woman with a meal and listened as she told of being deserted by a man who had promised marriage. Barrett recognized the similarities between herself and the young woman, and concluded that only luck separated her from the young woman in her home; one of them had fallen in love with a "good" man and one with a "bad" one. Furthermore, from her own experiences as a slaveholder and with Jim Crow laws, Barrett also realized how spirits could be broken by degradation.[8] Profoundly moved by her new-found bond with this "fallen" woman, she vowed, "By the power of God that rules the Universe, I would spend my life trying to wipe out some of the inequalities that were meted out to my sisters who were so helpless to help themselves."[9][10]

Doctor, mother, widow
When Rev. Barrett was assigned to Atlanta in 1886, Katherine Barrett, with his encouragement, pursued a medical degree, while also establishing what came to be her first shelter for unwed mothers. The Women's Medical College of Georgia awarded Barrett an M.D. in 1892 and a doctor of science degree in 1894. Barrett never intended to practice as a physician, but wanted to bolster her credibility: "she recognized that the initials 'M.D.' behind her name gave weight to her viewpoints."[11]

While earning those degrees and working on numerous charitable causes, Barrett also raised six children, with the considerable assistance of a black nanny. Her husband's health, never robust, began failing, and they returned to the Alexandria area while he was assigned in Washington, D.C., and later traveled to Europe to seek cures. Thus, Barrett also studied nursing at the Florence Nightingale Training School in London, England. However, Rev. Barrett died in 1896, leaving his 39-year-old widow with six young children.[12]

National Florence Crittenton Mission
Leading Florence Crittenton work
Barrett's central interest was the plight of unmarried mothers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a group that suffered from national prejudices. After starting a "rescue home" on her own in Atlanta, despite being officially opposed by the local government, she joined forces with Charles Nelson Crittenton (1833–1909), a wealthy New Yorker also interested in creating safe havens for "fallen women."[1]

Crittenton had been establishing rescue homes, primarily oriented toward providing women an alternative to prostitution. He founded the first one in New York City in 1883 following the death of his beloved four-year-old daughter, Florence, after whom he named them.[13] He established others in California and then, in conjunction with the Women's Christian Temperance Union, in various parts of the U.S. However, he confided to Barrett that he feared that isolated homes would collapse after a period of initial enthusiasm.[14][15]

When Barrett's husband moved the family back to Alexandria, Virginia, she was freed from the daily work of the Atlanta rescue home, and systematically pursued Crittenton's idea for a national association of homes. In 1895, they founded the National Florence Crittenton Mission, with Crittenton as president and Barrett as vice president. Upon the death of her husband on September 12, 1896, Crittenton added general superintendent to Barrett's roles, which she pursued as a single mother of six. Barrett successfully secured for the NFCM the first-ever federal charter for a charitable organization, through a special act of Congress signed by President William McKinley on April 9, 1898.[16][17]

Upon his death, she succeeded Crittenton as president in 1909, but retained the general superintendent role as well, serving in both positions until she died on February 23, 1925. Operating more than 70 homes around the country and abroad, at the time of her death one-third of all maternity homes in the U.S. were affiliated with the Florence Crittenton chain.[18][19]

Shift in emphasis
Although Charles Crittenton's emphasis was on rescuing prostitutes, he agreed with Barrett that unmarried mothers and their children were important. Under Barrett's influence, the emphasis slowly shifted to prioritizing unmarried mothers with a secondary emphasis on prostitutes.[20]

Barrett was instrumental in helping unwed mothers become an acceptable subject of philanthropy. She successfully advocated her social reform views by giving a number of public speeches and publishing a number of articles on the plight of the unwed mother.[18]

Although the NFCM shifted its emphasis from prostitution to unmarried mothers, Barrett led forcefully when the anti-prostitution scare under the label of "white slavery" surfaced around 1910. "When many in the United States were caught up in the white-slavery hysteria, Barrett and the NFCM pushed to help the victims of prostitution rather than to punish them as offenders... NFCM public pronouncements denounced attempts to place the blame for prostitution solely on women".[21]

Race and class in Florence Crittenton homes
For a woman born into a slave-holding family, Barrett put considerable effort into addressing the racial issues inherent in the work of the NFCM. Noting Barrett's background and that her era corresponded with the institutionalization of Jim Crow throughout the South, historian Katherine G. Aiken concludes that "[w]ithin this context, the NFCM made pathbreaking overtures to the African American community."[4] Aiken observes that under Barrett, the NFCM operated a "colored mission" in Alexandria, Virginia, with not only its inmates but all of its workers being Black.[22] Similarly, the NFCM welcomed the Topeka Home (Colored), founded by Topeka Blacks in 1904, when they later petitioned to join NFCM. Not only did Barrett accept the Topeka home, but she arranged for the NFCM to pay off the home's sizeable remaining mortgage, and ensured that its leader, Sarah Malone, was included within the NFCM leadership.[23]

Barrett fostered important relationships with African American women.... At a time when few white organizations interacted with black women, Barrett facilitated the efforts of middle-class African American women to engage in rescue and maternity home work... The FC approach was neither revolutionary nor radical, and both white and black Crittenton workers failed to confront or challenge predominant views of race. At the same time, the Crittenton organization made inroads against racism that deserve to be recognized.[21]

Barrett was perhaps less successful in leading Florence Crittenton workers on the class divisions that crept into their work. While unwed mothers were hardly restricted at the time to the working class, middle-class and wealthy women had access to resources that could shield them from censure.[24] As a result, Florence Crittenton work has been characterized as mostly middle-class people "meddling" in working class lives "in an effort to bring about a well-ordered society." Katherine Aiken thinks this characterization is too sweeping and that it misses the genuine caring that Florence Crittenton workers brought to their work, identifying as women and mothers with their sister "unfortunate girls".[25] Aiken summarizes her conclusions by agreeing with critics that "middle-class Crittenton workers sometimes forced their own values and life-style upon women of another class... [and] [t]hese actions sometimes resulted in negative effects on the women involved. Nevertheless, Crittenton homes served a purpose and filled a void that provided a real service to women enduring considerable personal turmoil."[26]

Maternity hospitals
Finding the treatment of women in regular hospitals to be unsatisfactory, many Florence Crittenton homes came to build their own. For example, the Florence Crittenton Home in Sioux City, Iowa included hospital care in its original 1906 building, and then built an entire hospital next door in 1913. Like most Crittenton hospitals, it featured primarily female staff and welcomed all women (not just home inmates) to use it. The fees charged to middle-class patients helped pay for the care for the home residents. "This combination of modern facilities, sympathetic care, and an atmosphere that was conducive to women exercising control over their own treatment caused many women to select Crittenton hospitals over other alternatives, and probably speeded the transition from home births to hospital births in some locations."[27][28]

Children as successors
Two of Barrett's offspring led the National Florence Crittenton Mission after her. With duties split in the same way that Charles Crittenton and she had functioned early on, her eldest son Robert South Barrett, Jr. (the little boy she had once mentally compared to the child of the unmarried mother at the door all those years ago) served as her successor as NFCM president, while daughter Reba Barrett Smith served as vice president and general superintendent.[29]

Other activities
Political activism
Katherine Barrett was a charter member and vice president of the League of Women Voters, and a motivating force behind the creation of the American Legion Auxiliary. Barrett also held offices in a number of political organizations including:

Vice President of the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia (1909–1920)
President of the National Council of Women (1911–1916)
the first Virginia State President, American Legion Auxiliary
President, American Legion Auxiliary (1922–1923)
Vice President of the Conference of Charities and Corrections of Virginia
She was also active in the National Congress of Mothers, the Parent-Teacher Association, the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Daughters of the King, Episcopal Church, The National League of Social Services, and the Commission on Training Camp Activities.

After her speech at the Democratic National Convention received a standing ovation, she was asked to consider running for Governor of Virginia. Although flattered, she did not pursue the idea due to her declining health.

Delegacy
Barrett was commissioned to be a delegate for many causes, both social and political. In 1914, Barrett traveled to Europe on a U.S. battleship, where she was:

A Special Representative of the U.S. Government in Europe studying and advising on women's issues for the Bureau of Immigration, 1914–1919
One of only 10 women to attend the Versailles Conference in 1919
A delegate to the Zurich Peace Conference in 1919
Back in the United States, she was:

A delegate to the 1924 Democratic National Convention
A delegate to the Conference for the Care of Delinquent Children
A delegate to the International Council of Women
Daughter of the American Revolution and preservationist
A resident of Alexandria, Virginia, for approximately 30 years until her death, Barrett was aware that she lived in the house where Richard Bland Lee had drafted the document establishing the District of Columbia. It had been owned by Elisha C. Dick, one of the physicians attending George Washington on his deathbed as well as a noted abolitionist and early mayor of Alexandria.[30]

Barrett joined the Daughters of the American Revolution in 1904, as a member of the Mount Vernon Chapter. In 1919, she was elected State Regent of the Virginia Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, an office she held until her death.

On February 21, 1925, Barrett held an organizing meeting in her home for what became the Alexandria/Arlington chapter. Upon Barrett's unexpected death two days later, the new chapter changed its name to the Kate Waller Barrett Chapter in her honor.[1]

Barrett was active in the preservation or improvement of several other local historic buildings and sites, including Arlington National Cemetery, and Custis-Lee Mansion, home of Robert E. Lee. Barrett also championed the creation of a Shenandoah National Park.[18] Thus, the Alexandria public library branch holding the local history collection (since 1937) is named in her honor.

Honors
When Barrett died on February 23, 1925, the flag over the Virginia Capitol in Richmond was flown at half-staff. She was the first woman in the history of the commonwealth to be so honored. In 2006, the Library of Virginia honored Barrett as one of the Virginia Women in History.[31]

Barrett served on the Board of Visitors of the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, and was the first woman to be made an honorary member of their Phi Beta Kappa chapter. A dormitory has also been named for her.[32]

In Virginia, three institutions are named after her:

Kate Waller Barrett Elementary School of Stafford County[33]
Kate Waller Barrett Elementary School of Arlington County[34]
Kate Waller Barrett Branch Library in Alexandria[35]
Legacy
Barrett had a tremendous impact on the developing field of social work and on services for women and children.

Under her leadership, the NFCM became an established social service organization that provided a wide spectrum of services to women. The mission initiated activities that many now consider essential services for women and children. Florence Crittenton homes pioneered women-oriented policies in the areas of health care, employment for women, and children's rights. The organization campaigned for equality for women and for recognition of women's needs... Despite differences in class and race with most of their clients, FC volunteers tried to emphasize gender identity.... It would be a long time before a group of women had the resources to duplicate Crittenton efforts.[36]

Insisting that all mothers had something to say and a right to act, Barrett also successfully led large numbers of women to push the boundaries of what was acceptable for women to pursue. Historian Katherine Aiken finds Barrett's current relatively small profile illuminating. "One of the most prominent women of her time, Kate Waller Barrett is today a virtually unknown historical character." Aiken notes that popular culture and historians have focused on female activists and social scientists "who tended to be single, career women. Certainly, as a physician and trained nurse, Barrett's professional status was on par with any progressive reformer, male or female. However, unlike many of her contemporaries, Barrett relied on her role as wife and mother to establish her credentials.... Recent studies of maternalism have made it clear that middle-class women often used the rhetoric of motherhood to make inroads toward achieving changes favorable to women. Barrett and the NFCM illustrate this phenomenon".[37]

Educator and social worker Janie Porter Barrett (1865–1948), although unrelated to Barrett, advocated many of the same voting rights and women's empowerment causes within black communities in Atlanta and Virginia, within Barrett's lifetime and afterward.[38]


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Here follows a biography from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:

Elisha Cullen Dick, M.D. (March 15, 1762 – September 22, 1825) was a Virginia physician and political figure. He was the attending physician at George Washington's death. Dick at times represented Fairfax County in the Virginia House of Delegates and served as mayor of Alexandria D.C.

Family
His father, Archibald Dick (b. 1715 Edinburgh – 1782), became a Major in the Revolutionary army, under Assistant Quartermaster General Frazer.[1][2] His mother was Mary Barnard and he had a brother, Thomas Barnard Dick.

After graduating from medical school in Philadelphia, as described below, Elisha Dick married Hannah Harmon (1763–1843), the daughter of Jacob and Sarah Harmon of Marcus Hook, Chester County, Pennsylvania, reported to have been Quakers. They a son Archibald B. Dick, and a daughter Julia Dick,[3] Archibald married Sarah S. Hamersley (d. 1848). Julia married Gideon Pearce, and they had two children, James Alfred Pearce (1805–1862), and Ann Ophelia (1807–1866), who married Dabney M. Wharton.[4]

Life
Elisha Dick studied with Benjamin Rush, and William Shippen,[5] and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in 1782.[6]

Dick sold his half of his father's legacy, Marcus Hook property for £985, to Isaac Dutton on April 29, 1783.[7]

Not long after their October 1793 marriage, Dick and his wife settled in Alexandria, where he took over the practice of the ailing William Rumney. Thomas Semmes read medicine with him. In 1794, he commanded a cavalry company during the Whiskey Rebellion. On July 24, 1794, he was among the founders of the Alexandria Library Company.

He lived at 408 Duke Street in Alexandria, which he bought from Elizabeth Muir Donaldson for £2,169. On June 8, 1796, he insured the home, with the Mutual Assurance Society. The house was brick, 32 by 24 feet (7.3 m), and one story high; the house stood between his vacant ground on the east and the west. Outbuildings consisted of a wood kitchen, a wood stable, and a brick smokehouse, the whole valued at $3,700.[8] He used a trust on the home for loans totaling $6,082.

Dick is known to have been an amateur painter as well as a physician. A portrait by him of George Washington, dating to around 1800 and possibly after an original by James Sharples, is owned by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association.[9]

Political career
When Samuell Arell died, Fairfax County voters elected Dick replaced him for the rest of his term in the Virginia House of Delegates in 1794, and he served alongside fellow Alexandrian and former attorney for President Washington Charles Lee,[10] since both also owned property in Fairfax County south of Alexandria (then in the District of Columbia).

Dick became Superintendent of yellow fever Quarantine at Alexandria, and corresponded with Governor James Wood, on October 10, 1798.[11]

He was appointed to the Republican Party Committee of Correspondence, in Virginia 1800, along with Roger West, Francis Peyton, Thompson Mason, and Walter Jones, Jr,[12] and he escorted Thomas Jefferson to an election celebration at Gadsby's Tavern, at March 1801.[13][14] In 1804 Charles Lee was elected as mayor of Alexandria, then in the District of Columbia, but refused to serve, so Elisha C. Dick was selected instead.[15]

In the wake of Gabriel's Rebellion, Elisha C. Dick said abolition societies tended to produce "the most serious calamities." Writing to Governor James Monroe, Dick called for:

immediate legislative measures ... to restrain if not entirely suppress the schools supported by [antislavery advocates, who] are constantly inculcating natural equality among the blacks of every description[;] they are teaching them with great assiduity the only means by which they can at any time be enabled to concert and execute a plan of general insurrection.[16]

At the time of the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801, he was chairman of a local committee, petitioning the Congress about local government of the District of Columbia.[17]

Elisha Dick also speculated in real estate. In 1801, he went bankrupt and lost his home at Duke Street in Alexandria. He then rented a house at 211 Prince Street from the widow Mary Harper. Despite his financial woes, voters considered him a worthy citizen, and he became justice of the peace and coroner in 1802.[18]

From 1804 to 1805, he was Mayor of Alexandria, D.C., (now Va.)[19] In 1804, he wrote the speaker of the House of Representatives, opposing retrocession.[20]

On April 10, 1807, along with Cuthbert Powell, Dick was appointed Magistrate of the Alexandria Court by the Mayor of Alexandria, Jonah Thompson.[21]

Ferdinando Fairfax left him $1,000, and his son Archibald $500, in his will.[22]

Although raised as an Anglican, he joined the Society of Friends, Alexandria Meeting on February 20, 1812. Following Quaker precepts, he manumitted a slave.[23][24]

In 1814, Dick was among the Alexandria delegation to Admiral Cockburn, after the Burning of Washington, during the War of 1812.

Cottage Farm
Dick retired to Cottage Farm, on the Columbia Turnpike (now Lincolnia Road Route 613), 5 miles (8.0 km) west of Alexandria, along the Little River Turnpike. In 1814, Dick bought 80 acres (320,000 m2) for $1.26($18.00 in 2023) per acre from Thomas Summers; in 1817, he bought 903⁄4 acres for $1.26 per acre from Thomas Wilson. In 1820, the tax rolls show he had 80 acres (cleared) worth $20($436.00 in 2023) per acre, and a house worth $2,060($44,908 in 2023). The house was torn down in 1952.

Death
In July 1825 he resigned from the Quakers. There had been some controversy regarding his non-attendance at Meeting. At this time he was living at Cottage Farm and perhaps too ill—just two months before his death—to travel to town.[25][26]

Elisha Cullen Dick died September 22, 1825, at his property Cottage Farm. His casket was placed on a funeral wagon and carried to Alexandria, where he was buried in an unmarked grave in the Friends Burying Ground on Queen Street. A plaque to him remains at the site, now the Barrett branch of the Alexandria Library.[4][27] His inventory of medical paraphernalia was 9 pages long, and brought $461.51 at auction January 13, 1826.

Works
"Nursing and Lying in of Women, with some remarks concerning the treatment of newborn infants", Alexandria Gazette, February 28, 1798
"Yellow Fever at Alexandria", New York Medical Repository, Vol. i, 1803
"Facts and Observations about the Disease Cynanche Trachealis, or Croup", Philadelphia Medical and Physical Journal, Vol. iii, p. 242, 1808 [28]
Masonic membership
He was a Mason, having been entered, passed and raised in Lodge No. 2 in Philadelphia and was a founding member of the Alexandria lodge.[29] In 1789, Dick succeeded General Washington, as Worshipful Master of the Masonic Lodge No. 22, and as such laid the cornerstone of the District of Columbia, at Jones Point in Alexandria, in 1791. With his Lodge as Escort of Honor, he accompanied General Washington, and assisted in laying the cornerstone of the National Capitol in 1793. His duelling pistols are on display in the archives of the George Washington Masonic National Memorial in Alexandria.

Dinner invitation
A celebrated dinner invitation written in rhyme by Dr. Elisha Cullen Dick:

If you can eat a good fat duck
Come up with us and take pot luck,
Of whitebacks we have got a pair
So plump, so round, so fat, & fair
A London Alderman would fight
Through pies and tarts to get one bite.
Moreover, we have beef or pork
That you may use your knife and fork.
Come up precisely at two o’clock
The door shall open at your knock.
The day tho’ wet, the streets tho’ muddy
To keep out the cold we'll have some toddy.
And if, perchance, you should get sick,
You'll have at hand
Yours E. C. Dick [30]

This unusual missive was addressed to Philip Wanton, Dr. Dick's good friend, who lived at 216 Prince Street. The original invitation turned up some years ago in a treasure trunk in an old Alexandria attic. It is now on exhibit in the museum of the Stabler-Leadbeater Apothecary Shop.

Washington's death
Main article: Post-presidency of George Washington
On December 12, 1799, George Washington spent several hours inspecting his farms on horseback, in snow and later hail and freezing rain. He sat down to dine that evening without changing his wet clothes. The next morning, he awoke with a bad cold, fever, and a throat infection called quinsy that turned into acute laryngitis and pneumonia. Washington died on the evening of December 14, 1799, at his home aged 67, while attended by Dr. James Craik, one of his closest friends, and Tobias Lear V, Washington's personal secretary. Lear would record the account in his journal, writing that Washington's last words were "'Tis well."

Discovering the case to be highly alarming, and foreseeing the fatal tendency of the disease, two consulting physicians were immediately sent for, Elisha Dick who arrived, at half after three, and Gustavus Richard Brown, at four o'clock in the afternoon: in the meantime were employed two pretty copious bleedings, a blister was applied to the part affected, two moderate doses of calomel were administered, which operated on the lower intestines, but all without any perceptible advantage, the respiration becoming still more difficult and distressing. Upon the arrival of the first of the consulting physicians, it was agreed, as there were yet no signs of accumulation in the bronchial vessels of the lungs, to try the result of another bleeding, when about thirty-two ounces of blood were drawn, without the smallest apparent alleviation of the disease. Vapours of vinegar and water were frequently inhaled, ten grains of calomel were given, succeeded by repeated doses of emetic tartar, amounting in all to five or six grains, with no other effect than a copious discharge from the bowels.[31]

I pronounced decisively that death was inevitable, unless it could be arrested by the operation of tracheotomy, to which I strenuously recommended an immediate resort, as the only expedient that could possibly preserve the life of a man, whose loss every virtuous man in the community would deplore. " (Then Dr Dick goes on to discuss the unfavorable opinion of Drs. Craik and Brown.) "I know not what might have been the result and it would be presumption to pronounce upon it; but I shall never cease to regret that the operation was not performed."[32]

Gustavus Brown later wrote to James Craik, January 21, 1800:

Sir: I have lately met Dr. Dick again in consultation and high opinion that I formed of him when we were in conference last month, concerning the situation Of our Illustrious friend, has been confirmed. You remember how, by his clear reasoning and evident knowledge of the cause of certain symptoms after the examination of the General, he assured us that it was not really quinsy, which we supposed it to be, but a violent inflammation of the membranes of the throat, which it had almost closed, and which if not immediately arrested would result in his death. You must remember he was averse to bleeding the General, and I have often thought that if we had acted accordingly to his suggestion, when he said, "he needs all his strength - bleeding will diminish it", and taken no more blood from him, our good friend might have been alive now. But we were governed by the best light we had: we thought we were right, and so we were justified.[33]


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